Abstract This paper proposes a novel unified framework for mental illness—"Algorithmic Pathology"—founded upon the Self-Algorithm theory, which conceptualizes the self as an adaptive algorithm evolved to coordinate conflicting homeostatic reward-punishment signals within a fragile physical body. The self-algorithm consists of three core functional modules: the Interoceptive Module, the Threat-Detection Module, and the Sense-of-Control Module. Based on this modular architecture, this paper redefines three major mental disorders: depression as a systematic failure of the Sense-of-Control Module,
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